WFTDA

" Inline skates are not permitted; only quad-style roller skates satisfy the equipment requirement.

Flat track roller derby is played on a flat (non-banked) oval track, distinguishing it from the historical banked-track version of the sport. Section 2 of the WFTDA rules requires that the track "conform to the standardized dimensions of the WFTDA...

Per Section 1.2, for each Jam a team must field one Jammer and at most four Blockers, for a maximum of five skaters per team on the track at a time. A team must always have at least one Blocker on the track who is not currently serving a penalty.

A game lasts 60 minutes of total play, divided into two 30-minute periods separated by a halftime. Within each period, play is broken into Jams.

Per Section 3.1, a Jammer earns one point every time they legally lap an opposing Blocker — that is, pass the same opponent a second time in succession — provided that pass is earned rather than gained through an illegal maneuver. Only the Jammer with possession of the Star may score points.

A skater assessed a penalty must serve 30 seconds of Jam time in the Penalty Box; the final 10 seconds of that time must be served standing. Penalty time is only tracked during active Jams and in the pauses between them.

The Contact Penalty framework in Section 4.1 exists primarily as a safety mechanism: Illegal Target Zones (back of the body, head/neck, lower legs) and Illegal Blocking Zones (head/neck, forearms, lower legs) are defined specifically to discourage...